The Definition of Falling Action in Literature

The falling action in a work of literature is the sequence of events that follow the climax and end in the resolution. The falling action is the opposite of the rising action, which leads up to the plots climax. Five-Part Story Structure Traditionally, there are five segments to any given plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Exposition is the early section of the story, giving audiences information about the status quo when we first join the characters and plot. This section will often contain backstory or information about how things currently are, so that when the rest of the plot is set into motion, the change (and the stakes) is clear. Rising action typically happens after some sort of inciting incident, which shakes up the status quo presented in the exposition and requires the characters to launch into a new journey, off of the expected path. During this section of the story, characters will encounter new obstacles and continually increasing stakes, all moving towards the biggest moment of conflict in the whole story, called the climax. The climax may be one of two moments: it may be a moment in the middle of the story that serves as a point of no return (Shakespeare plays are a great example of this format), or it may be the final battle type of moment near the end of the story. The placement of the climax matters less than the content: this should be the single greatest moment of change and conflict for the hero. Falling action follows the climax and is the exact inverse of rising action. Instead of a series of events that increase in intensity, falling action is a series of events that follow the biggest conflict and show the fallout, whether good or bad. The falling action is the connective tissue between the climax and the resolution, showing how we get from that major moment to the way the story ends. Purpose of Falling Action In general, falling action demonstrates the consequences of the climax. Following the climax, the story will head in a different direction as a direct result of the choices made during the climax. The falling action, therefore, follows that part of the story and depicts the way those choices affect the characters going forward. Falling action will often de-escalate the dramatic tension following the climactic moment. This doesnt mean that it lacks conflict or dramatic tension, only that its aimed in a different direction. The momentum of the story is no longer accelerating towards a moment of confrontation, but instead moving towards a conclusion. New complications are less likely to be introduced, at least not ones that will re-escalate the stakes or change the direction of the story; by the time a plot reaches the falling action, the ending is in sight. Examples of Falling Action in Literature There are many examples of falling action in literature because almost every story or plot requires a falling action to reach a resolution. Most storylines, whether in a memoir, novel, play, or movie have a  falling action that  helps  the plot progress toward its end. If you see some titles here that you recognize, but havent read them yet, then beware! These examples contain spoilers.   Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, by J.K. Rowling, the falling action occurs after Harry faces Professor Quirrell and Voldemort, which would be considered the climax (the moment of greatest dramatic tension and conflict). He survives the encounter and is whisked away to the hospital wing, where Dumbledore explains more information about Voldemorts vendetta and what dangers Harry is likely to face in the future. Little Red Riding Hood In the fairy tale/folk tale  Little Red Riding Hood, the story reaches its climax when the wolf announces that he will eat the young protagonist. The series of events that happen after this conflict to lead to the resolution are the falling actions. In this case, Little Red Riding Hood screams out, and woodcutters from the forest come running to the grandmothers cottage. The story isnt yet resolved, but these falling actions are leading to its resolve.   Romeo and Juliet   A final example is depicted in the classic play  Romeo and Juliet  by William Shakespeare. Traditionally, Shakespeare plays correspond the five elements of plot to each of the five acts, meaning that Act 4 in a Shakespeare play will contain the falling action. After the climactic moment in the play, the street fight where Tybalt kills Mercutio and Romeo kills Tybalt, then flees, the falling action indicates that the plot is headed toward a sad, but unavoidable, resolution. Juliets feelings are confused between her love for her new secret husband, who is banished from Verona and mourning her beloved cousin who just died by Romeos hand. The decision she makes to take the sleeping potion is a direct result of the deadly fight and Romeos exile, and it leads towards the tragic resolution of the conflict.

What Is Economic Globalization Essay - 1468 Words

What is economic globalization? I. Introduction Globalization is the demonstration or procedure of globalizing. It is kind of the improvement of an inexorably incorporated worldwide economy stamped particularly by unhindered commerce, free stream of capital, and the tapping of less expensive remote work markets.Accoding to the study, Stiglitz (2000) claims that globalization depicting as a dynamic process that join the economy of a nations with the world economy through monetary and non-financial powers.Globalization and the strategies for its the majority capable advocates, the universal fiscal. Store and the reality Bank, bring hail under expanding feedback on later a considerable length of time. In the United States, those average true pay is around those same today concerning illustration that it might have been a long time back. This implies that the greater part of the work energy need fizzled on offer in the additions starting with budgetary development through the most recent. Quite some time that is drast ically unique in relation to the past 27 years. Throughout which those average compensation expanded. Those reality economy need wound dependent upon substantially a greater amount unequal in the course of the practically later two a long time. Inside from claiming country pay lopsidedness need climbed and tumbled verbosely. It need consistently ascended over making nations. Regardless of the reality that not for the most part. It need tumbled. In the made andShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Can National Governments Influence the Outcomes of Economic Globalization? Discuss with Examples?3285 Words   |  14 PagesTo what extent can national governments influence the outcomes of economic globalization? Discuss with examples? 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Contributions Of Community Pharmacies Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(104) " of protecting the wellness of the peoples and being prepared for wellness exigencies \( WAG 2010b \) \." In the United Kingdom, the parts of community pharmaceuticss to public wellness have non been clearly defined. As a effect they are non routinely integrated into the work of the wider public wellness household. Whilst it is ill-defined why this should be, it has been acknowledged that they have the potency of playing a important function in protecting and bettering population wellness, placing forms of disease and supplying wellness and societal surveillance information to public wellness organic structures ( Department of Health 2005a ; RPSGB 2003 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Contributions Of Community Pharmacies Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The function of the community pharmaceutics in public wellness remains to be to the full exploited, even though they have been progressively involved in wellness betterment activities such as services aimed at smoking surcease, sexual wellness and substance abuse services, etc, as laid out in the contractual model for community pharmaceuticss ( DOH 2005b ) . An of import country of public wellness where community pharmaceuticss have been least involved is in wellness protection, and they have the potencies of complementing present attempts in surveillance of infective diseases and supplying support to affected population during an eruption. In Wales, wellness protection is one of the cardinal duties of the Public Health Wales ( PHW ) Health Protection unit and the Catching Disease Surveillance Centre ( CDSC ) is the arm responsible for surveillance of infective diseases, support for outbreak probes and proviso of wellness intelligence and applied research ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . Soon, there are no enterprises or policies to officially prosecute the wellness protection unit of the Public Health Wales and community pharmaceuticss to work together on wellness protection whereby everyday intelligence and surveillance information are exchanged ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . These surveillances information could be in signifier of supervising tendencies of nonprescription ( OTC ) gross revenues informations ( e.g anti-diarrhoeal, anti-fungal, cold and cough redresss, etc. ) to observe eruptions, and routinely supplying community pharmaceuticss with eruptions and surveillance studies to enable them supply support to affected population. Policy Framework Analysis: In order to accomplish a successful policy alteration, a prospective policy analysis of the issue at manus ( Analysis for policy ) , which is iterative and dynamic will be undertaken ( Buse. 2005 ) . The diagram below high spots the different facets of the policy analysis and is explained in inside informations under the policy headings – content, context, histrions and procedure. Need for alteration ( Policy Content ) : There is a demand to germinate the functions of the wellness protection units and CDSC of PHW to include everyday communicating with community pharmaceuticss in order to better their effectivity in surveillance and sensing of infective diseases eruptions and protection of population wellness in Wales. This formal battle of community pharmaceuticss with the PHW Health Protection unit is of import as a consequence of increasing cognition and consciousness of its possible benefits. During the eruption of E. Coli O157 in South Wales in September 2005 which affected about 150 people ( with 1 decease recorded ) , the pharmaceutics squad of the so NPHS Wales noted anecdotal studies that community druggists had been consulted with respects to the sale of anti-diarrhoeal readyings ( Walker 2009 ) . Besides during the eruption of viral pinkeye in South Wales in August 2006, GPs and community pharmaceuticss were advised against the usage of ophthalmic Chloromycetin and there was grounds of public wellness protection by those pharmaceuticss that acted on the advice ( Hinchliffe and Walker 2008 ) . These are arrows to the fact that community pharmaceuticss can play a important function in public wellness protection. Policy Context ; Public or authorities policy has been described as a determination that a authorities decides or decides non to do ( Dye 2001 ) . In the current political context in Wales since degeneration in 1999, the WAG has adopted the â€Å" citizens ‘ theoretical account † of wellness service bringing where the populace have rights and duties in both having wellness services, and guaranting handiness of the services to everyone ( Welsh Assembly Government 2004 ; Beecham Report 2006 ) . Therefore, the current policy environment in Wales can be said to be pluralist and the major contextual factors asking a demand for alteration at this point in clip are structural and endogenous in nature. These include the acknowledgment by the UK Department of Health ( 2005a ) that community pharmaceuticss are untapped resources in protecting public wellness and the committednesss of the Welsh Assembly Government in its One Wales a progressive docket for the authorities of Wales, which aims to protect the wellness of the population with one of its wellness precedences of beef uping public wellness services ( Welsh Assembly Government 2007 ) . Furthermore, improved electronic connectivity in community pharmaceuticss ( RPSGB, 2008 ) will let for easy and speedy transmittal and reception of informations and information for surveillance activities. Last, addition in the cognition that early sensing and control of infective diseases outbreaks in the population through an efficient surveillance system significantly reduces its load on the wellness of the population and saves costs of intervention and infirmary admittance, therefore bettering public assurance in the authorities. Policy Stakeholders ( Actors ) : This measure involves placing the policy histrions and understanding their place and involvements with regard to the issue of affecting community pharmaceuticss in PHW ‘s wellness protection ( Buse, 2005 ) . This is of import in order to accomplish alteration and guarantee its successful execution and sustainability. Welsh Assembly Government: Is a cardinal stakeholder in doing and implementing the policy by presenting the policy instrument in the signifier of an official statement and/or ordinance. The undermentioned histrions in the WAG include: The Department of Health and Social Services: oversees all wellness related maps in Wales including â€Å" reding the Welsh Assembly Government in puting policies and schemes for wellness and societal attention in Wales † ( Welsh Assembly Government, 2010a ) and is cardinal in decision-making with respects to O.K.ing the policy and presenting the policy instrument on behalf of the authorities. The Department of Public Health and Health Professions ( DPHHP ) : headed by the Chief Medical Officer for Wales, reports to the Department of Health and Social Services and has the aim of protecting the wellness of the peoples and being prepared for wellness exigencies ( WAG 2010b ) . You read "Contributions Of Community Pharmacies Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Chief Health Professionals: including the main medical officer, main pharmaceutical advisor and others who provide expert cognition in public wellness and related specializer countries to the WAG and other external organic structures to protect and better public wellness. Public Health Wales ( PHW ) : In October 2009, the new NHS trust established by the WAG became operational, integrating the maps and services provided by the NPHS Wales, Wales Centre for Health ( WCfH ) , WCISU and the Screening Services Wales. PHW is to supply resources, advice and information to the WAG, and all Wales NHS Trusts, Local Health boards, etc, enabling them to transport out their statutory public Health maps ( Public Health Wales 2009 ) . Its Health protection unit has as one of its strategic ends to cut down the impact of infective diseases and exigencies in the population and delivers this through its Health Protection Teams and the Centre for Communicable Diseases Surveillance ( CCDS ) among others ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . The PHW is a cardinal histrion in accomplishing successful policy alterations since they will be straight involved in the execution of the policy. Public Health Consultants in Wales: including Advisers in Catching Diseases and Control would be portion of the policy alteration procedure in obtaining experts inputs in their assorted specialised Fieldss, and most particularly pharmaceutical public wellness advisers would be chief advocators and innovators of the policy alteration. Community Pharmacy Wales ( CPW ) : is the local pattern forum for Wales and is possibly the most important stakeholder as community pharmaceuticss are at the other terminal of the spectrum for execution and the policy alteration affects them straight and the manner they operate. CPW represents the involvements of the over 700 community pharmaceuticss in Wales and are recognized by the WAG as the negociating organic structure on behalf of pharmaceutics contractors, taking the function from the PSNC ‘s Welsh commission following degeneration ( CPW, [ no day of the month ] ) . Nation-wide Chain Pharmacy Stores: These are peculiarly of import stakeholders since their operations span across the different UK states and are likely to hold an integrated IT system for staff and information direction. Their positions are of import since they represent a big ball of community pharmaceuticss, for illustration in Wales of the 714 community pharmaceuticss, 91 are owned by Boots ( Walker 2009 ) . Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( RPSGB ) : is the regulative and professional organic structure for druggists and pharmaceutics technicians in the Britain with primary aims â€Å" to take, modulate, develop and stand for the profession of pharmaceutics † ( RPSGB, 2010a ) . Since more than half of the over 2300 druggists in Wales work in the community ( RPSGB, 2010b ) , the RPSGB is an of import histrion in stand foring their involvements and in guaranting that the policy is successfully made and implemented. The Welsh Centre for Pharmacy Professional Education ( WCPPE ) : is an operational unit of the Welsh School of pharmaceutics, Cardiff University and provides go oning professional development chances ( CPD ) for the pharmaceutics squad in Wales ( WCPPE, 2010 ) . The WCPPE is of import as a policy histrion in fashioning and supplying a CPD programme for community druggists in Wales as a portion of the policy execution procedure in guaranting its success and continuity/sustainability. Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) : in the UK is the organic structure that sets criterions for public wellness specializers and purposes to advance promotions in public wellness cognition and keep the highest degree of professional criterions ( FPH, 2010 ) . The FPH is a major advocator for public wellness in the UK and hammering an effectual partnership with it in pursing this policy alteration is important for puting the policy on the docket and guaranting that it remains there up till its execution and rating. National Pharmacy Association ( NPA ) : is the trade association for community pharmaceuticss in the UK and aims to stand for, support and protect their involvements ( NPA, 2010 ) . The NPA is a potentially of import histrion in the policy procedure since their place can do or impair the execution of the policy. The Media: Is an first-class agencies of acquiring the issue on the docket and in puting the ball turn overing for treatments among different histrions ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The advocates of the policy alteration may use a sponsored intelligence docudrama particularly foregrounding past effects of eruptions ( including human deaths ) and ways in which the community pharmaceuticss could hold provided of import surveillance information to the PHW and the populace and intervened to supply support to affected population. Other Stakeholders will include: Welsh Medicines Resource Centre ( WeMeReC ) Local Health Boards in Wales Board of Community Health Council in Wales The Media The Welsh Office of Research and Development for Heath and Social Care ( WORD ) As a portion of the policy analysis model, after placing the political histrions, measuring their political powers and measuring their involvements, places and committednesss ( Buse et al, 2005 ) , an abridged stakeholder analysis and sum-up of their power distribution is shown in Table 1 below. Table 1: Stakeholder Analysis ( Varvasovszky and Brugha, ( 2000 ) : Support Against ( Opposition ) Impersonal Welsh Assembly Government ( WAG ) Community Pharmacy Wales ( CPW ) Welsh Centre for Pharmacy Professional Education ( WCPPE ) Public Health Wales ( PHW ) National Pharmacy Association ( NPA ) Media Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( RPSGB ) RPSGB WeMeReC Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) Nation-wide Pharmacy Stores, e.g. Boots Pharmacy Board of Community Health Council in Wales Advisers of Public Health in Wales Local Health Boards in Wales Media Policy Procedure Despite the pluralist nature of the political system in Wales, Luke ‘s first dimension of power may non capture the full scope of relationships that exists, while his 2nd dimension of power may be utile in explicating the docket puting procedure ( Buse et al. 2005 ) since different policy histrions all have changing powers to protect their involvements. Policy alteration here would use the incrementalist attack which would affect â€Å" puddling through † the policy position quo which will include a new function for the Public Health Wales ( i.e. everyday communicating of surveillance information with community pharmaceuticss ) and community pharmaceuticss ( i.e. supplying OTC gross revenues informations to PHW ) . The four-staged ( additive ) policy procedure – docket scene, policy preparation, policy execution and policy rating, provides a utile heuristic device ( Stages Heuristics ) which is utile in explicating the policy procedure, even though it is a cyclical procedure in world ( Hogwood and Gunn 1984 ) . Agenda Setting: Introducing this policy alteration onto the WAG docket may non be achieved following the â€Å" politics-as-usual † attack where the WAG comes to find and acknowledge that there is a major issue to be addressed ( Buse et al. 2005 ) . The Hall ‘s theoretical account ( 1975 ) cited in Buse et Al ( 2005 ) will be of import in conveying the issue to the attending of the WAG since its legitimacy, feasibleness and support can be deemed as high and pursued by the histrions: Legitimacy ; Expanding the function of community pharmaceuticss to complement current attempts at public wellness protection and affecting them to supply support to affected population after an eruption is a legitimate end in footings of presenting the WAG aim of wellness protection. It is besides underpinned by several studies ( DOH 2005a, RPSGB 2003 ) recommending more engagement of community pharmaceuticss in wellness protection. Feasibility ; Achieving the policy alteration will supply a platform at maximising available resources for wellness protection as the policy alteration will non necessitate any major extra fiscal and human resources in footings of chance costs. It involves spread outing the duties of the PHW wellness protection squads to routinely pass oning with community pharmaceuticss in their local governments and analyzing informations obtained from them as portion of surveillance. It is extremely executable, maximizes finite human and fiscal resources of authorities. Support ; A possible challenge in the policy procedure is acquiring equal support particularly from community pharmaceuticss and their different organic structures. Since its non portion of the contractual model of community pharmaceuticss and no commercial wagess, community pharmaceuticss may look non concerted. However, this challenge can be addressed by equal protagonism and lobbying with the pharmaceutics groups ( CPW, NPA, RPSGB ) and guaranting that support is obtained. From the authorities position, support from the public wellness advisers and civil retainers ( curate, managers, etc. ) would be sought after by the pharmaceutical public wellness advisers and spouses recommending for the alteration. Public Health Consultants in Wales, in peculiar pharmaceutical public wellness advisers would be the title-holder of the policy alteration by first accepting the demand for alteration and propagating the message particularly through the media. Health Protection Unit of the PHW who are a portion of the policy implementers would be involved in this early phase to guarantee their support, while other parts of the PHW including the Public Health Strategic Management Group would be carried along. Community pharmaceuticss on the other manus may turn out hard ab initio, but strong protagonism and usage of political resources available particularly through the RPSGB would guarantee cooperation. Advocacy by druggists and advisers working within PHW to the RPSGB, CPW and NPA and the usage of informal meetings and formal unit of ammunition table treatments between these stakeholders will guarantee support. The support of the FPH would be required since it plays a important function in protagonism for public wellness policy alteration ( FPH, 2010 ) . Policy Formulation Once the issue gets on the authorities docket, a series of complex activities takes topographic point within the policy web ( procedure and histrions ) , with the histrions exerting their political powers and resources to prosecute their involvements in the policy. The usage of public audience is a tool often used by the WAG ( Strategic Policy Unit ) in policy devising procedures, which would convey the policy web together to consider and supply proficient information on the policy. At this phase and based on dialogues, the concluding inside informations and accommodations of the policy alteration would be made before it is formulated. Policy preparation takes topographic point by passage of the policy through an appropriate policy instrument which in this instance may be done through the issue of an official policy statement/circular by the Minister of Health and Social Services. This policy so flows down the hierarchy of the civil service and NHS to the PHW which so implements it. Community pharmacies either through the CPW, RPSGB and/or NPA will besides publish policy statements to all its members to move as appropriate with the PHW. Further reappraisals and treatments at a ulterior clip during and after ratings have been carried out may so take to farther dialogue and determination on whether or non to include the policy in the community pharmaceutics contractual model. Policy Execution Execution is the most of import facet of the policy procedure since it is where alteration is expected to happen. Using the â€Å" Bottom-Up † attack would affect the implementers ; in this instance the PHW Health Protection Unit and community pharmaceuticss ( CPW ) , to interact in the political procedure of execution ( Buse, 2005 ) . Conflicts are bound to originate during execution but it is of import in placing challenges and supplying feedbacks for rating and for alteration of attack. The â€Å" Top-down † attack to policy execution would be used to sketch the administrative and managerial facets including sketching ends and schemes, and delegating quantitative marks to guarantee that the policy bringing can be monitored and evaluated to place countries for betterment. Execution of the policy may merely bring forth a fringy incremental alteration which is easy to supervise and requires really small human and fiscal resources. Successful execution is an iterative procedure which and requires regular inputs and active engagement of the members of the policy web. This can be achieved through a regular stakeholders ‘ forum for treatments, suggestions and ratings. One other of import facet of the execution is to include wellness protection as a Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) programme for community pharmaceuticss. This facet would affect the RPSGB and WCPPE, guaranting sustainability of the alteration and can be achieved through active protagonism. Policy Evaluation Evaluation in a policy procedure is iterative and may be done at any phase of the policy procedure in order to measure the degrees of advancement that has been made. Formative rating of the policy will be carried out during the policy docket scene, preparation and execution phases to modify and develop the concluding policy in order to suit the positions of differing powerful histrions. Summational ratings on the other manus would be focussed to mensurate the degree of impacts of early sensing of infective diseases outbreak achieved by the policy alteration over a period of clip ( Buse et al, 2005 ) . Evaluation of the policy may include the usage of epidemiological surveies such as ecological and instance control surveies to measure the effectivity of observing eruptions of infective diseases as a consequence of affecting community pharmaceuticss in surveillance in comparing with other countries of the UK. It involves the aggregation and usage of qualitative and quantitative informations to measure the effectivity of the policy alteration. The usage of the Donabedian ‘s Structure-Process-Outcome Model to gestate the policy rating is described in table 2 below. Donabedian Framework for Policy Evaluation Structure/Input: Administrative/Managerial Components Number of PHW Health Protection Teams and Community Pharmacies involved Use of IT resources Result Early sensing of eruptions by community pharmaceuticss taking to reduced load of infective diseases Reduced burden/morbidity of infective diseases in the population Process/Activities: Routine ( Weekly or Monthly ) communicating and exchange of wellness protection studies and infection diseases surveillance informations Actions taken by community pharmaceuticss to back up affected population Whether or non Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) on wellness protection has been introduced to community pharmaceuticss End product Sum of eruptions detected through usage of community pharmaceuticss surveillance informations Sum of outbreak instances handled by community pharmaceuticss ( referrals and actions taken ) Number of community pharmaceuticss taking the CPD on wellness protection Drumhead How to cite Contributions Of Community Pharmacies Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Corporate Finance Businss Stock Research

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Finance for Businss Stock Research. Answer: Introduction For this research paper, I would like to choose GRAINCORP LIMITED (GNC) as a research company. GrainCorp is a listed company on Australian Stock Exchange. The company listed on ASX in 1998. The company mainly deals in grain and related commodities. The core purpose of the business is the receival storage of grain and interrelated commodities. Along with this, GrainCorp gives logistics and markets to grain and related commodities (GrainCorp. 2016). Don Taylor is the chairman and Mark Palmquist is the chief executive officer of the company. Moreover, Alistair Bell is the chief financial officer (CFO) of the firm who manages international finance and investor relations in an effective and an appropriate manner. General Areas of Responsibility for Chief Financial Officer According to Hommel, Fabich, Schellenberg and Firnkorn (2011), the chief financial officer of an organization plays a significant role to manage and control the financial actions or activities of the company. Along with this, the CFO is responsible to track the cash flow and to evaluate the financial strengths weaknesses of the organization. The CFO works as a finance controller within the organization. Moreover, the CFO also plays an important role to manage and control the accounting financial sections of the firm in an effective and an appropriate manner. In addition to this, the CFO of GrainCorp is also obliged to perform important roles responsibilities to manage and improve the financial performance of the organization. The major responsibilities for the chief financial officer of GrainCorp are described as below: Financial Planning Control: In the views of Lapovsky and McKeown-Moak (2010), the CFO of GrainCorp assumes a noteworthy part to make compelling money related arrangements to enhance the budgetary execution of the firm in a successful and a more complete way. The CFO of GrainCorp makes financial plans to make successful usage of accessible assets. In addition to this, the monetary arrangements created by CFO are significant with a specific end goal to deal with all the budgetary exercises of the firm in an exact way. The CFO of GrainCorp is capable to deal with its trade inflow and outflow to keep up openness in all the budgetary exchanges of the firm (Roehl-Anderson, 2013). Along with this, the CFO of GrainCorp is mindful to pay expenses obligations, and securities to satisfy its budgetary commitments legitimately. At the same time, Kaplan and Norton (2008) state that, the CFO of GrainCorp is dependable to create bookkeeping approaches, methods and rules for acquiring, credit, installment of bills, accumulations, and other money related commitments. The CFO of GrainCorp creates money related arrangements to raise the capital of the firm. For case, keeping in mind the end goal to raise the assets, all the business units of the firm perform their monetary exercises in perspective of that. Along with this, the CFO creates arrangements to execute the monetary arrangements for the money related development of the association (Clark, 2012). For that reason, it can be said that, the CFO of GrainCorp is completely mindful to make long haul money related arrangements, evaluate the budgetary necessities and to create distinctive alternatives to satisfy the monetary needs of the firm in a successful and a suitable way. Mitigate Financial Risks: According to Moran and Kral (2013), the CFO of GrainCorp is completely dependable to comprehend and relieve money related risks in a compelling and a more thorough way. It is notable that monetary danger is a noteworthy piece of business. Money related risk may happen whenever that may impact the monetary execution of the association in a negative way. In this circumstance, the CFO of the association builds up various successful danger relief procedures to alleviate budgetary dangers and to enhance money related execution in a viable and a suitable way (Finn, 2016). In addition to this, the CFO of GrainCorp has inside and out learning of the money related frameworks to find the monetary dangers that may happen in the budgetary ranges of the association. Moreover, there are loads of monetary dangers that the CFO of GrainCorp decreases legitimately. For case, the CFO of firm assumes a noteworthy part with a specific end goal to decrease the dangers that are connected to the agreement d isappointments (Moran and Kral, 2013). Along with this, the CFO affirms all the current and new contracts to satisfy all the term and states of the agreements so as to alleviate this kind of danger in a powerful and a suitable way. The author Sebastian (2011) affirms that, the CFO of GrainCorp assumes a critical part to lessen the danger associated to the ware costs' progressions. The CFO makes long haul contracts furthermore makes utilization of cost slicing techniques to direct this sort of danger in a successful way. The CFO is dependable to reduce outside trade hazards that are identified with the business. Along with this, the CFO chooses the span of remote exchanging furthermore utilizes supporting strategies, for example, forward rate understandings, advances contract, loan cost swaps, thus on to moderate outside trade hazard in a compelling and a suitable way (Sebastian, 2011). Furthermore, the CFO assumes a basic part to create and spare the brand picture of the organizations. The negative brand picture impacts the general budgetary execution of the business contrarily. The CFO creates propelled systems and focus on the brand to enhance the brand picture and to alleviate money related danger fundamenta lly. As a consequence, it can be said that, this is a vital territory of obligation regarding the CFO of the association. Develop Accounting Financial Functions: In the words of Hope (2013), The CFO of an association is capable to create bookkeeping and budgetary capacities to enhance the money related execution and hierarchical viability adequately. The CFO of GrainCorp creates bookkeeping and money related capacities to upgrade the truthfulness, benefit, and raise assets of the association. Along with this, the CFO of GrainCorp pays his considerations on the exactness of monetary data so; every one of the individuals from the association may play out all the bookkeeping and money related capacities in a precise way. Moreover, it ought to be noted down that the CFO of GNC uses an information mining device to exhibit exact money related data to the shareholders, financial specialists and clients of the firm (Hope, 2013). In addition to this, the CFO of GrainCorp utilizes a continuous framework to upgrade the proficiency of the bookkeeping and fund elements of business. Furthermore, Sottini (2009) states that, the CFO outlines successful approaches, techniques and strategies to play out all the bookkeeping financial works appropriately. The CFO directs the staff to guarantee that they are playing out all the bookkeeping and money related capacities in a fitting way. Furthermore, the CFO of GrainCorp uses viable bookkeeping and money related strategies, for example, adjusted scorecard, monetary explanation proportion examination, dashboard thus on to enhance the evaluated and real budgetary execution of the firm. In addition to this, the CFO of GrainCorp utilizes viable plan of action to create client esteem for the achievement and development of the association. The CFO assumes a noteworthy part to bring into line the staff into a venture based group so; they may play out all the bookkeeping and monetary capacities to enhance the money related execution of the business (Sottini,2009). In this way, it can be said that, the CFO of GrainCorp plays a si gnificant role to develop accounting financial to improve the financial performance of the organization. Responsibilities of the CFO can Affect Objective of the Firm According to Hommel, Fabich, Schellenberg and Firnkorn (2011), the duties and responsibilities of the CFO of the firm influence a definitive objective and goal of the business. At the end of the day, it can be said that, the obligations of CFO positively affects a definitive objectives and targets of the organizations. It is a direct result of CFO is an imperative individual of an association who is mindful to execute suitable monetary making arrangements for the accomplishment of the firm. The money related arrangements created by the CFO are extremely gainful to fulfill the vital, monetary, and focused objectives and targets of the firm in a powerful and a more far reaching way. In addition to this, it ought to be noted down that, business association confronts a considerable measure of issues to allot, oversee, imagine and control its assets (Nolop, 2012). In this circumstance, the CFO assumes a basic part oversee and control the capital also a money streams of the firm in a suita ble way. Along with this, the CFO assumes a noteworthy part to enhance the straightforwardness and expressiveness in the money related exchanges of the firm. The CFO creates risk moderation systems to diminish money related dangers and to improve the monetary execution of the firm. Furthermore, the CFO of GrainCorp assumes a huge part to achieve the budgetary objectives and targets in a predefined day and age. These every one of the parts and obligations of the CFO assume a noteworthy part to accomplish the objective and targets of the business in a compelling way (Jennings, 2014). Hence, it can be said that, the responsibilities of CFO have an impact on the ultimate goals objective of the firm Conclusion On the basis of above conversation, it can be assumed that, the CFO of a business organization performs important roles and responsibilities to improve the overall organizational effective and performance of the firm. Along with this, it is also observed that, the responsibilities performed by the CFO of firm play a significant role to accomplish the strategic and financial goals of the organization. Part: B In the words of Sung and Kao (2015), in current, a large portion of the business associations and speculators concentrate on the effective market hypothesis to choose a portfolio to increase higher benefits and to lessen the level of danger in a viable way. For case, the effective market hypothesis is a business sector hypothesis that clarifies that advantage costs mirror all the accessible budgetary data of the business associations. The effective market hypothesis certifies that it is unfeasible to beat the business sector. The hypothesis clarifies on the stock trades, the stocks exchange at their reasonable worth for unsurpassed. Therefore, financial specialists can't purchase underestimated stocks and exchange stocks at expanded costs (Sung and Kao, 2015). As indicated by this hypothesis, securities exchange proficiency mirrors all related data of the business associations. According to Brealey, Myers, Allen and Mohanty (2012), the pension fund manager assumes a vital part to pick portfolio for the financial specialists or clients. The fund manager considers the effective market hypothesis to choose a portfolio in a proper way. In addition, if the effective market hypothesis is valid all things considered the manager ought not to settle on a portfolio with a pin. It is a direct result of a portfolio with a pin can include abnormal state of risk. The portfolio would not have the capacity to offer higher comes back to the financial specialists or clients. Furthermore, this kind of portfolio would not have the capacity to give higher level of fulfillment to the financial specialists. The manager must pick a portfolio when the effective market hypothesis is valid and stocks are all around differentiated. This sort of portfolio works in the support of the speculators (Brealey, Myers, Allen and Mohanty, 2012). On the other hand, to choose a portfolio, the fun d manager must concentrate on the expanded stocks and exact business sector theory. Furthermore, a well diversified portfolio is urgent to diminish chance and to enhance returns on the ventures. Along with this, Graham and Dodd (2008) state that, there is some particular business sector procedures and standards that the benefits the pension fund manager must consider in order to select a portfolio. For case, the supervisor must choose a portfolio that is less dangerous of higher productive to the financial specialists. Additionally, the director should just choose a very much enhanced portfolio to acquire exceptional yields on the portfolio. Likewise, the danger level of chose must be appropriate for the financial specialists or clients. Hence, these principles and procedures assume a vital part in the determination of a portfolio. Generally speaking, it can be said that, the effective market hypothesis assumes a huge part with a specific end goal to settle on budgetary and venture choices in a viable way. In any case, it doesn't imply that, the chief must pick a portfolio with a pin just on the premise of the effective market speculation (Graham and Dodd, 2008). Whats more, the fund manager must concentrate on the level of danger and returns with a specific end goal to choose a portfolio in a suitable way. References Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C., Allen, F. and Mohanty, P. (2012). Principles of Corporate Finance. NY: Tata McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Clark, R.M. (2012). Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach. Australia: CQ Press. Finn, A. (2016). MBA In A Week: All The Insights Of A Master Of Business Administration Degree In Seven Simple Steps. UK: Hachette UK. Graham, B. and Dodd, D.L.F. (2008). Security Analysis (6th ed.). USA: Tata McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. GrainCorp. (2016). About Us. Available at: https://www.graincorp.com.au/ [Accessed On: 11th Sep. 2016] Hommel, U., Fabich, M., Schellenberg, E. and Firnkorn, L. (2011). The Strategic CFO: Creating Value in a Dynamic Market Environment. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Hope, J. (2013). Reinventing the CFO: How Financial Managers Can Transform Their Roles And Add Greater Value. Australia: Harvard Business Press. Jennings, M.M. (2014). Business Ethics: Case Studies and Selected Readings. Australia: Cengage Learning. Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (2008). The Execution Premium: Linking Strategy to Operations for Competitive Advantage. Australia: Harvard Business Press. Lapovsky, L. and McKeown-Moak, M.P. (2010). Roles and Responsibilities of the Chief Financial Officer: New Directions for Higher Education, Number 107. Australia: John Wiley Sons. Moran, S. and Kral, R. (2013).The Board of Directors and Audit Committee Guide to Fiduciary Responsibilities: Ten Critical Steps to Protecting Yourself and Your Organization. US: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Nolop, B.P. (2012). The Essential CFO: A Corporate Finance Playbook.UK: John Wiley Sons. Roehl-Anderson, J.M. (2013). MA Information Technology Best Practices. UK: John Wiley Sons. Sebastian, S.J. (2011). Internal Revenue Service: Status of GAO Financial Audit and Related Financial Management Report Recommendations. USA: DIANE Publishing. Sottini, M. (2009). IT Financial Management. USA: Van Haren. Sung, W. and Kao, J.C.M. (2015). Environment, Energy and Applied Technology: Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Frontier of Energy and Environment Engineering (ICFEEE 2014), Taiwan, December 6-7, 2014. Australia: CRC Press.

Feature Article Conventions Essay Example

Feature Article Conventions Paper A feature article differs from a straight news story In several ways. A news story provides Information about a (generally current) event or situation. A feature article has more functionality and longevity- It Interprets news, adds depth, opinion or entertainment. Headline: The headline of a feature article uses bold and descriptive language to draw the attention of the reader. Also works to construct a vivid image In the mind of the reader. Headline is always visually appealing: bold and clear. Can sometimes contain Jokes. Puns or provocative language to entertain reader. Can also ask rhetorical questions. Structure Introduction: The introduction entices the reader, whilst clarifying the subject. It establishes the writers point of view/thesis. Uses direct quotations, recounts, questions, descriptions or a personal Interest story (the experiences of a person unique to the topic) to encourage readers to read further. Body: Goes Into further detail about the topic. Answers any unanswered questions raised in the introduction. Uses direct quotations, expert opinions, interviews, anecdotes, statistics and facts. Avoids lengthy complex paragraphs as articles are often written in columns. We will write a custom essay sample on Feature Article Conventions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Feature Article Conventions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Feature Article Conventions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Conclusion: Closes the epic by making final conclusions. Malignant the mood of the story. Language: The language used in feature articles is persuasive and emotive: intended to create a particular emotional response in the mind of the reader (this could range from sorrow to anger or intrigue depending on the article). Articles can sometimes use catch phrases or a repetitive phrase to trigger a response In the audience. Selection and omission of detail Is significant. Language can sometimes be bold and exaggerated to create an emotional response: when reading, highlight words with particularly strong connotations. Makes use of motive language, inclusive language (we, our), rhetorical questions and a mixture of long and short sentences. The language is also well suited to the target audience. For example, a feature article from Girlfriend magazine may use vocabulary that is suited to a young teenage reader, where as The New York Magazine may make specific references to places and words only New Yorkers would know. Images, data, graphs and statistics: Images that are unique to the story are often used to add to the emotion of the story. Photos of the people featured in the human-interest stories are often used. Graphs ND pie charts are sometimes used as they add a visual element and can often snack ten reader. CE rattan Important quotations are Elodea Ana drawn out AT ten text to catch the readers attention (even if they do not read the full article, they are aware of the impact through the quotations used). Source and target audience: When analyzing a feature article, you must ask: What source did the article come from (I. E. What magazine, newspaper of Internet source)? Does the writer have an agenda (I. E. Are they trying to promote a particular point of view)? Who is the intended target audience (you can determine this by tidying the language, and visual cues such as colors and images used)? Is the article free or do you have to pay to access it? Bias and point of view: Bias is the representation of one side of an issue or topic, without exploring or acknowledging an equally valid (but opposing) point of view. The writers of feature articles sometimes face pressure to promote a particular product, way of thinking or political point of view. Feature articles will also present one side of the story: writers may omit (leave out) certain ideas to add to the emotional power of the story.

Pavlovs Dogs Essay Example

Pavlovs Dogs Essay Example Pavlovs Dogs Essay Pavlovs Dogs Essay Learning and Conditioning Ivan Pavlov studied dogs, metronomes, salivation, and the discovery of the conditioned reflex nearly 100 years ago. Ivan will be remembered as the man who changed psychology by his experimentations with the salivation of dogs. Pavlov learned through experimentation of the unconditioned responses due to unconditioned stimuli and of the potential to condition responses from previous no stimuli. Pavlov performed his experiments at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in Petrograd. There, he reflected on his previous work. He had noticed during his previous work that dogs naturally produced amounts of saliva depending on what they were given to eat. The dogs salivated little amounts for moist food, larger amounts for dry food, and varying amounts for inedible objects. He then had the theory that the dogs had learned from experience to associate food with the appearance of certain signals- the conditioned stimuli. He set up a lab to train dogs to salivate at random signals, conditioned stimuli. Pavlov succeeded in training dogs to drool from hearing the sounds of footsteps, bells, metronomes and the smell of vanilla. He associated the food, unconditioned stimuli, with the previously neutral stimuli and then repeated the combination until the dogs would salivate at the scent or sound without the need of the unconditioned stimulus. The most important finding of the study was that if a neutral stimulus was in contact with the dogs after the unconditioned response took place, the neutral stimulus would stay a neutral response. The impact of Pavlov’s work taught us about our behavior and the impact that conditioning has upon humans. The theory of classical conditioning is universally accepted and has remained unchanged since its conception through Pavlov’s work. Other psychologists have worked with Pavlov’s conditioning. John B. Watson, for example, conditioned 11-month-old little Albert to fear a white rat (and other furry things) by employing the same principles Pavlov used to condition salivation in dogs. Conditioning also directly relates to the nature vs. nurture arguments. Pavlov’s work shows that the environment in which we are surrounded by has a part in our actions. In conclusion, it is unlikely that such a cohesive, elegant, and well-articulated theory of the conditioned reflex would ever have existed if Pavlov had not made the decision to risk his career and venture into the untested, uncharted, and highly questionable science of nineteenth-century psychology.

Langston Hughes and T.S. Eliot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Langston Hughes and T.S. Eliot - Essay Example Suffering takes place in the lives beings with feelings in a number of ways, which are more so dramatically. The reason the writers of these poems decided to include the theme of suffering in their works is due to the effect it has on human beings as well as the times at which they wrote their works. The theme of suffering is used to show how; many fields of man’s activities are associated with one or the other aspect of suffering in their own ways. The various facets of suffering explored in the poems include nature of suffering, causes and origin, processes of suffering, significance and meaning of suffering, its related behaviors (cultural, social, personal), the remedies of suffering, management of suffering, as well as its uses. The poems â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by J.S. Eliot and â€Å"The Weary Blues† by Langston Hughes in symbolic and imagery ways allude to the theme of suffering. Having been written in the early twentieth century they d epict the silent inward suffering of human beings and song or blues is a metaphor in the poems respectively. An in depth analysis of both shows how music is used as a symbol to communicate the remedy for suffering. In â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, T.S. ... The cause of his suffering on the inside (silent suffering) is that he has too much knowledge of life to even dare approach the woman with whom he intended to have tea. This monologue accelerates torture in his mind as he hears comments made by others about his inadequacies, which causes him to be hard on himself for, ever thinking that it was possible to interact with the woman emotionally. Prufrock in his contemplation and meditation suffers emotional distress by the conclusions he makes in his mind that he is a second rate citizen which is all a matter of self-condemnation (Ackerley 24). J.S. Eliot employs the form that is a dramatic monologue or a soliloquy in which the speaker’s (J. Alfred Prufrock) character is developed and revealed. His suffering is made worse by the fact that he (Prufrock) is urban thus isolated as well as moody and sensitive thinker. The writer uses fragmentation and juxtaposition in propagating the theme of emotional hurt with mental focus as one of the subjects. He portrays that in this modern world, there are destructive and impersonal forces that need to be overcome which the speaker uses pity as a defense. Pity for Prufrock alleviates the suffering he is experiencing mentally by devaluating himself claiming he is no Hamlet. The theme of suffering silently in this poem portrays the fragile or damaged psychological state of human beings in the twentieth century. J.S. Eliot captures the transformed world, which was seen as denigrated, alienated, and fractured. The soliloquy of Prufrock shows the suffering caused by the Great War to which Europe lost a whole generation of young men. This left the survivors struggling to establish their masculinity in a society that had changed radically. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred

The Neutron Electric Dipole Moment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Neutron Electric Dipole Moment - Essay Example A concise introduction and explanation of the different experimental techniques used in the study of neutron EDM are provided in this research work. These techniques include the room-temperature experiment, Ramsey’s technique, and the mercury magnetometer. A brief discussion of the prevailing systematic uncertainties such as the geometric phase effect is also included. A recent neutron EDM experiment, which is more sensitive and still in progress is also incorporated and detailed in this study. For over 50 years, the quest for an electric dipole moment (EDM) of a neutron has been a great endeavor in the field of physics.3 4 5 Ramsay’s search for a permanent EDM in the 1950’s leads the way to what seems to be an endless pursuit. Experimental sensitivity has increased significantly; in fact, it improved by more than 106 factor.6 An impressive breakthrough in improving the experimental sensitivity, accountable for every eight years or so, is shown in Figure 1.7 Despite such remarkable accomplishment, there was no EDM ever observed. The reason for this apparently obsessive behavior by a small group of dedicated physicists is that the observation of a nonzero neutron EDM would be evidence of time reversal violation and for physics beyond the so-called standard model of electroweak interactions. An essential point is that the standard model predictions of the magnitude of time reversal violation are inconsistent with our ideas of the formation of the universe; namely, the production of the presently observed matter-antimatter asymmetry requires time reversal violation many orders of magnitude greater than that predicted by the standard model. According to Steven Weinberg, the electric dipole moments may offer one of the most thrilling prospects for progress in particle physics; a bright future awaits prospective experiments because calculating electric dipole moments have been progressive recently.

MHE510, Occupational Health and Safety, Mod 2 SLP Essay

MHE510, Occupational Health and Safety, Mod 2 SLP - Essay Example There is a great need to assure this employees comfort as well as avoid injury. Studies presently show that improvements in work work stations for people who work at computers can be made to decrease risk and increase productivity (Smith & Bayehi, 2003). It is important to fit the employees body type to the equipment and furniture that is being used. Step One of our evaluation has to be the overall observation of this office. Step Two would be to assure that good anthropometric evaluations is done of each of the employees using the newer digital photographic tools so an organized evaluation can be done. Step three would be to look at the amount of time that employees are out because of such complaints as back pain and carpal tunnel syndrome, allowing us statistical evaluation for an ROI. Once the evaluation is done , the noted problems should be solved and many of those will be solved with ergonomically based furniture. This furniture of course will need to be fit to each employee. No two workers are alike, therefore no two workstations will be exactly right. This becomes even more important as the workforce ages and the risk of long term injury becomes higher (Smith, 2005). Studies now show that employees who work at computers feel the need to leave their computers at least five times per day to stretch their legs. This affects the productivity of the department (Smith, 2005). It is interesting to note here, and consider as we redesign the furniture in this office that over 60% of employees surveyed note that they would like to be able to stand at least 50% of the time that they spent doing their jobs (Smith, 2005). This may need to be part of this evaluation and change. There are presently newer workspaces that adjust from standing to sitting in a manner that will allow the worker to make that choice. This might keep the worker on the job more

Roles of a financial manager

Roles of a financial manager Introduction Of The History Of The Function And Qualifications Of A Financial Manager First we need to understand the term ‘financial manager, Brealey, Myers and Allen (2008, p.6) referred this term to anyone in an organization who is specialized in finance and responsible for the companys investment or financing decision, large corporation may name it as ‘controller, international conglomerates even appoint a Corporate Financial Officer [CFO] to be responsible for corporate planning. History Of The Financial Managers Function Ever since 1900s and even after the Great Depression in 1930s, the primary role of a finance people was only a descriptive discipline on bookkeeping which means accurately recording all transactions related to the payment of suppliers, billing of customers, and handling of cash passing through the accounts department and issuing periodic financial statements. Until late 1960s increased competition in industries forced financial managers to shift their focus towards evaluating investment opportunities and making decisions on the choice of assets and liabilities necessary to maximize the companys value. The 1970s and 80s was a period of increased international competition, CEOs became concerned with operational efficiency to cope with the fast growing market, this included the accounting functions which was streamlined and required to reach out to becoming a profit center for the whole organization (Besley Brigham, 2005, p.6). This transitional shift was gradual and finance managers r oles are no longer stuck solely to the accounting functions, hence a new operational trend brought in a new breed of heavily educated controllers profession with MIS training and computer systems operational capabilities to bring forth efficiency and accuracy in management reports and analysis versus the old accounting systems. Olley (2006) quoted a study by the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) [The Practice Analysis of Management Accounting (1996)] which mentioned that since the mid 1980s, management accountants have transitioned from the traditional role of being a ‘number cruncher to an internal management consultant and decision-support specialist. Over the century, finance manager has risen to a highly educated, professional and useful positions in the entire corporate structure. Qualification Requirements Of A Financial Manager [FM] In normal practice, a finance manager has to have ACCA/ HKICPA or degree in accountancy or financial planning academic track record or even a chartered accountant qualification, who may possess a minimum of 10 years experience in accounting and financial planning. The traditional career path towards a Financial Manager was through the accounting clerical ranks, then move onto being an assistant accountant and accountant. Other recruiters would prefer one who has been an auditor as this experience allows the individual a wide exposure to auditing and learning from different industries, knowledge of financial situations and how to avoid human or systems errors, so that the person is more affluent on how to manage a smooth transaction flow. Expectations From Corporations, Job Description And Key Attributes Of FM Expectations From Corporations The functions, levels and scopes of responsibilities of financial managers can be very different depending on the size of organizations. For large corporations, the generic role is highly focused on strategic analysis while for smaller organizations, the role could only be more concerned on the collection and preparation of accounts and ledgers. Michael Page International, one of the worlds executive recruitment agent, posted a front page headline advertisement in Classified Post of South China Morning Post on 14 November 2009 in the need of a Chief Financial Manager. The advertisement stated the incumbent will be an integral part of the senior management team, report to the Managing Director [MD] with the ultimate responsibility for the control of the global finance operation of a new venture. The person will need to manage the cash situation of each branch of the business and exercise the financial strategy across multiple locations and will need to build the necessary reporting, risk and control frameworks. The person also needs to prepare analysis and financial models and ensure compliance to corporate policy and national accounting practices. In addition to technical finance advice, the incumbent should possess strong commercial acumen and will work closely with the MD on strategic growth and development plans for the b usiness, furthermore, to liaise with shareholders, key investors and build relevant banking relationships. The client expected someone with experience working within an entrepreneurial environment and display the ability to be part of a dynamic team. Allicolven, another executive search consultant, listed the criteria on its advertisement in JobsDB (13 November 2009) that the applicant has to provide value-added insight into opportunities and risks, responsible for completing the statutory consolidated financial audit for the organization, as well as ensuring the impeccable application of global accounting policy issues for the company and its subsidiaries, the development and maintenance of global controls surrounding treasury and cash management. The client required from the incumbent excellent leadership, proven understanding of regulatory capital issues and align with regulators, excellent communication and command of English and Chinese. These advertisements include all the criteria this paper aims to discuss on and one can easily see the challenging roles of a finance manager nowadays which exceeds the normal accounting functions already. Job Description Of FM Typical work activities, stated in the Job Description of a Financial Manager in JobsDB (9 Nov 2009), Prospects (16 Dec 2009), and Careerplanner (16 Dec 2009) are summarized below, with each requirement stating clearly a standard that has to be met and how the results of the good work would impact the organization: Manage and oversee the daily accounting functions to ensure relevant accounting activities are handled in compliance with the regulatory requirements and group accounting policies and maintain the highest standard; Coordinate and execute all financial related activities in the groups businesses to ensure the proper financial management and minimize the financial risks; Assist the top management to formulate strategic and long-term business plans; Monitor and supervise the month-end closing to ensure all management reports are tendered on time and with accuracy; Prepare and review monthly financial charts for all offices, debrief the financial data and results into business implication to relevant divisional heads; Compile various periodic analytical reports and hold discussion meetings with department heads timely to alert them of the updated business performance; Liaise with external auditors to ensure annual auditing is performed smoothly; participate in the group internal audits to ensure proper control procedures are in place; Monitor cash flows, oversee the total funding, predict future trends of cash and fund management to optimize the benefits of the companys fund usage; Establish the annual budget program and financial models to sustain a smooth and comprehensive process; Handle taxation and legal matters; Review and implement efficient and effective internal control system, make recom- mendations on existing work procedures to improve efficiency. Set up accounting software to ensure it meets the corporate accounting requirement; Supervise the accounting staff locally and ensure the accounts department is well managed, liaise with overseas accounting heads to make sure appropriate guidance and directions are given. Assist in appropriate recruitment and provide coaching and training programs to staff members and conduct performance review for them; Work independently, when applicable, take the initiative to provide input on process improvements as it relates to reconciliations; Develop network and relationships with community and external contacts, such as customers, auditors, solicitors, bankers, brokers, creditors, insurance companies and statutory organizations. Provide assistance and solutions to them whenever necessary; Analyze and keep updated of changes in legislation, financial regulations, competitors move and market trends, research and report on factors influencing the organizations business performance and advise the management accordingly. The Key Attributes And Competencies Required For FM It is almost a prerequisite for a professional finance manager to be analytical, rational, cautious and meticulous yet possessing a macro view of the whole accounting picture, ethical, risk sensitive and inquisitive to detect fraud in any areas in the organization. General personal attributes such as being hardworking, independent with initiative, responsible and accountable, well organized, efficient, timely, cost-effective, self motivating, willing to work under pressure are expected. In addition, management skills to enhance productivity of the accounting team, interpersonal skills in proactively communicating the financial facts and findings to the management, coordinating with other department personnel and decision makers, and being a team player would be most appropriate and eligible to be a finance team leader. Typical Accounting Roles Of Financial Managers And The Critical Aspects Gitman (1992, p.8) defined that financial management is in the arena of business management, dedecated to a careful selection of sources and prudent use of capital, with the aim in enabling a spending unit to move towards the direction of reaching its goals. The duties and responsibilities of financial managers vary with their specific functions and position titles in different organizations, this includes being a controller, treasurer, credit manager, cash manager, internal auditor, taxation manager, risk and insurance manager. Each of these functions has their critical aspects and prime objectives. Function As A Controller Controllers direct and compile the preparation of financial analysis reports concluding and forecasting the organizations financial status. These analyses include income statements, balance sheets, continual review of revenue and expense trends and analysis of future earnings. Controllers provide periodic compilation of business cycle forecasting statistics and periodic calculation of a standard set of ratios for corporate financial performance and regulatory authorities. Controllers make financing decisions typically including should the company raise funds by borrowing short term or long term debt or by selling stock and equity, timing to pay dividends and timing to sell the debt and equity. The long range plan should include a listing of capital investments required and calculate the economic benefits to attain the revenue and profit objectives. Brigham Ehrhardt (2002, p.502) mentioned clearly that effective capital budgeting and funding allocation including cash management, budg eting, sourcing and requirement can improve both the timing and quality of asset acquisitions, all of these decisions affect the investment profile of the company hence impact the shareholders value. It is common that controllers oversee the accounting, audit and budgeting, logistics departments and are responsible to communicate any financial variances and adverse trend results to management, along with recommendations for improvement. With regards to budgeting, Mason (2007, pp.121-123) briefed that a controller should determine various budgets on sales and revenue, revenue expenditure, profit and loss, capital expenditure and cash budgeting. The prime purpose of budgetary control is to maintain expenses to be spent within the limits of income. As the budget is set, a controller must control costs and management overheads and allocate the costs accordingly. Figure 1.0 illustrated basic elements of management overheads, listing clearly actual expenses versus the budget assigned. Function As A Treasurer Treasurers are responsible to oversee the organization cash, execute capital-raising strategies to support expansion of the company. Basically, as Brealey et al. (2008, p.6) mentioned, treasurers look after the investment of funds and manage associated risks, supervise cash management and deal with merging and acquisition activities. To ensure tasks to be properly processed, they need to maintain relationships with bankers, stockholder and other investors holding the companys securities. An example of Allied Air Products, given by Besley Brigham (2005, pp.690-691) which issued different classes of securities because the finance team was aware that different investors had different risk and return trade off preferences, so to appeal to the broadest possible market, Allied offered securities to attract as many different types of investors as possible. Besides, different securities are more popular at different points in time, the company can issue whatever is popular at the time they need money. A wise strategy that takes advantage of market conditions can lower a companys overall cost of capital. Function As A Credit Manager Credit managers have to tailor make credit agreements that concerns the indebtedness limits, evaluate the credit applicants, ensure that the company maintains a fixed amount of working capital to cover the companys operating cash needs. Primarily, they monitor the companys issuance of credit, develop credit rating criteria and determine the ceilings, establish an accounting system for the sake of banking transactions (Van Horne, 2002, pp.449-459). Furthermore, they are responsible to review the collection reports, status of outstanding balances, then arrange to collect debts of past-due accounts or submit the delinquent accounts to solicitors or outsourced agencies for collection. This role ensures the company to have valid funds for the operation and arrange new sources of finance for a companys debt facilities. Function As A Cash Manager Cash managers monitor and control the flow of cash, control check stock, signature plates, separate the responsibility for the cash receipts and bank reconciliation functions, process all accounts payable and receivables, and cash application transactions in accordance with rigidly defined procedures. Petty cash authorization and usage is to be supervised, recording incoming cash payments and verify amount of cash discounts taken. All above measures have to be scrutinized to ensure proper cash in-flow record and usage to meet the business and investment needs of the company and avoiding the risk of committing fraud if the operations are not monitored well. Least to mention, cash flow projections are required so that the management needs to determine if external loans are needed to meet the cash requirements or if surplus cash can be invested in other interest-bearing instruments. Cost accounting and Inventory accounting is another major role of Cash Managers, they need to conduct job or process costing and verify the inventory valuation, because inventories form a link between production and sale of products. Van Horne (2002, p.463-465) explained that cash managers measure the benefits of inventory versus the cost, like account receivables, inventories hedging should be increased as long as the resulting savings exceed the total cost of holding the added inventory. Other than paper work, cash managers have to coordinate periodic physical inventory counts, audits and allocation methods, and provide periodic compilation and evaluation of the inventory costs. Function As An Internal Auditor And Coordinator With External Auditors The scheduling and management of periodic audits within the company lies upon the shoulder of the Internal Auditor. The preparation of audit reports and communicating the findings and recommendations to the management and board of directors is essential. Without saying, they are responsible to assist the annual external auditing. Auditing for fraud especially for small scale transactional fraud is difficult, so by observing the environment, the managing persons accountabilities and employee lifestyles may help in detecting unnoticeable fraudulent act. American and European based corporations have their own internal auditors who perform ad hoc auditing within the corporation worldwide at least once or twice a year. Function As A Tax Manager The reporting requirements of all governmental authorities have increased significantly and become more complex, so it becomes mandatory that companies comply with the changing federal and local tax laws and regulations. Tax managers handle the tax filing and reports for the organization so they must be familiar with tax laws and report timely to the Inland Revenue and tax authorities. Profound knowledge of and experience in international business and personal tax laws will help in this role although company may hire external tax consultant or tax attorneys. Tax managers should review the annual and strategic plans to develop the tax jurisdiction and liabilities for each period, develop tax shelter policies, research the foreign tax consequences of the business plan, recommend actions concerning all tax adjustments and at times, defend the company in respect to disputed tax matters. Eun Resnick (2001, pp.475-486) recommended some measures to be taken by tax managers, such as acceler ating deductions which involve depreciation, making use of local and foreign countries tax credits, avoiding non-allowable expenses, increasing tax deferrals and obtaining tax exempt income to use the excess tax savings in other forms of investment. It is critical that the application of tax laws must be considered in many day-to-day operating decisions, setting up business operations overseas, utilize tax havens, consider personal tax situation when hiring expatriates which will help to avoid paying excess taxes by the company or individuals. Function As A Risk And Insurance Manager And Liquidity Crisis Manager Risk and insurance managers oversee the operations, projects and production programs to minimize risks and losses that may arise from financial transactions and business operations. They need to manage the insurance budget, analyze and measure risks of the investments, direct operations of brokerage firm which were commissioned in buying and selling securities, insurance negotiations, and finally select the insurance brokers and carriers. Establishing procedures for custody and control of assets, records, loan collateral, and securities, review reports of securities transactions and price lists is critical to ensure safekeeping and analyzing the market conditions. Rowe et al. (1994, pp.383-386) suggested risk managers to work on the capital cost overruns, nationalization of facilities as some countries may nationalize certain industries with little or no compensation to the previous owners, ecological costs notably in the asbestos and tobacco industries, sales fluctuations, market gr owth rate, companys market share, investment required, cost of production, raw material scarcity, deterioration of margins for competing products, and technological advances. They would identify the key variables that have impact on the business decision, after all, a long range plan should include an in-depth assessment of the risks that may occur as a result of the business plan. If impending problems are predicted, company can avoid going into involuntary liquidation. Functions Specifically Required In Financial Institutions Financial managers who serve in financial institutions, such as commercial and investment banks, finance associations and credit unions, oversee a variety of functions, including loans, trusts, mortgages, futures, lines of credit and investments. They must be highly familiar and operate in compliance with the State laws and investment regulatory rules and always keep abreast of the fast growing array of financial services and products. Arnold (2005, p.627) suggested that managers have to evaluate and examine application, approve or reject, lines of credit and commercial, real estate and personal loans, they also need to be aware of, and assess the international risk that arises due to foreign currency exchange rates and inflation rates, economical and political situations which may impact the local and foreign countries bonds requisition. Liability Responsibility Financial manager, regardless of the functions above, should monitor the accruals, take a standard review of customer advances in the closing procedure if the company regularly deals with a large amount of customer deposits. They should plan the current and long-term liabilities, such as accrual for bonuses, commissions, property and income taxes, royalties, unpaid wages and vacation pay, warranty claims, by period, in addition, they can analyze each way to reduce the companys obligation such as using just-in-time inventory methods to reduce accounts payable and arrange for a good payment terms for product or materials purchase and update the projected debt status to the year-end closing (Spiceland et al., 2009, p.358). A cautious procedure and alertness will assist the companys growth with little draw back. Organizational And Strategic Roles Of A Financial Manager As computerized systems are unanimously used in corporations, so finance managers can utilize more time in establishing strategies and implementing the short and long term goals for their corporations. As Part Of Management With Management Skills A Financial Managers function can be very distinct and like any other department manager, a finance manager needs to have general management skills such as A) Planning on what work is to be done and the completion schedule in the accounting department, especially in the timely processing of transactions and guiding the budgeting process; B) Organizing the financial tasks, office management, and software, hardware utilization; C) Directing the department work to ensure it operates in an orderly manner; D) Measuring the performance of all key aspects of the department to ensure that performance meets or even exceeds the standards set; E) Delegating work to accounting subordinates and F) Process controlling and constant reviewing if assignments are completed with accuracy and within the time frame; F) A finance manager must have a good knowledge of both company and industry operations in order to know how they impact the operations and new strategic move of the organization. As A Strategic Business Partner Any business decision, in particular the crucial strategic move, cannot dart ahead if without assessing the financial implications. This extends the domain of a finance manager to be involved in strategic business management. To compete successfully, a company must analyze its cost position relative to that of competitors, finance manager will play a strategic role here to provide competitive-cost analysis, if all competitors costs are researched, the company can project future price levels, anticipate competitors moves, prepare countermoves, and assess the potential of its strategies for success. Van Horne (2002, p.199-200) interpreted competitive-cost analysis begins with an analysis of strategic cost-driving factors which determine a companys relative long-run position. The initial question is to determine which costs are relevant in a strategic sense, should the company ‘do the things right by cutting costs in the short run or ‘doing the right things to position the o rganization for long term cost advantages by exploiting opportunities for excess returns. Rowe et al. (1994) had a good insight by raising a number of questions while revealing the financial analysis, the manager should ask if the new strategy is appropriate given the companys current financial position in the industry, do we have the financial resources to initiate the strategy, are financial resources being allocated correctly in order to achieve the strategic goal, should acquisitions be considered, should outsourcing be considered. Finance manager can help in companys growth by determining a wise use of the strategic funds (which is total funds available minus the baseline funds) for purchase of new tangible assets such as facilities, equipment, and inventory, to increase working capital, and to fund direct expenses for research and development, marketing, advertising and promotions and even for mergers and acquisitions. As Corporate Policies Writer And Evaluator Being cautious and versatile in the financial principles and discipline, knowing a thoughtful planning would affect the strategies of the company, finance manager should initiate the details of all procedures, the authorization and limitations of peoples act, regardless such act is aggressive or ignorant, into written polices and procedures. Such policies can include the operation of the accounting systems and statements issuance, the inventory purchase and control, capital and asset investments, human resources compensation plans and expenses, capital evaluation and auditing control measures must be enacted into a procedural manual for all divisional managers to follow suit. Besides, authorization and procedures of credit and collection policies, dividend polices with regards to the dividend amount and payout timing must be thoroughly documented and regulated because rightful process allow less human error or falsified ethics, avoid paying excess tax which would overall influence th e level of a companys accounts receivable. A good policy and practices impact the quality of the trade accounts, increase the companys branding and competitive edge in the market. Handle Mergers And Acquisitions And Consolidations Financial managers have an essential function in mergers and consolidations, in global expansion and related financing. The primary motive and purpose of merging two companies is to increase the value of the combined enterprise. Say if company A and company B merge to form a company C, and if Cs value exceeds that of A and B separately, then synergy exists and such merger should be beneficial to both As and Bs shareholders. A recent headline is Bank of Americas [BA] 2008 acquisition of Merrill Lynch which made BA the worlds largest wealth manager. Both Brealey (2008, p. 883) and Brigham Ehrhardt (2002, p.970) cited on the same record breaking example of AOL spending a significant amount of USD156 billion in acquiring Time Warner, aimed to create a company which offer consumers a comprehensive package of media and information products. Financial managers possess extensive and special knowledge in the areas of risks reduction, valuing the targeted firm, compliance of merger regulation s, international foreign exchange, tax considerations, analysis of the companys current surplus funds, merger analysis of benefits of the complementary resources of income, and last of all provide a post-merger report. Without the merger analysis by financial managers, these merger and acquisitions and consolidation in the market would not have been active worldwide, especially in the USA. Maximize Shareholders Value A competent finance manager should act in the interests of the companys owners and shareholders, maximize current wealth and profit of the organization by increasing the companys market value. To do so, monitoring the equity of the organization in terms of debt and credit is important, because investors expect a high return on the capital invested in terms of dividends, minimized liabilities and a maximized stock price. Brealey et al. (2008, p.22) explained that the real assets of the organization need to produce sufficient cash to satisfy bankers debt, so the capital budgeting responsibility of the finance manager plays an important role to calculate how much money the company can invest and into what kind of assets that could be predicted to earn the most and fastest, and diffuse all concerned risks. This measure is to ensure enough flow of money from investors into the company is well utilized and then maximize the return back to them to satisfy the shareholders. Summary With any and all of above accounting and organizational functions that Financial Managers have to perform and fulfill, it is almost imperative that they should take the initiative to advise, make recommendations for improvement to the management on all financial related matters. Acting as a counselor and invigilator of senior management is critical and affect the survival of the company. Prince (2005, p.15) quoted an example on the CEO of Kmart who exercised extensive high spending manners, extravagances and received excessive executive compensation in the cost of the corporation finally led to the bankruptcy of the company in January 2002, now became a subsidiary of Sears Holdings Corporation. Likewise, General Motors Company [GM] which was ranked as the largest US automaker, filed for liquidation in June 2009, finally assisted by US â€Å"Governments Troubled Relief Program and commenced its reorganization since July 2009. On the other hand, the low resource utilization manner of Murdoch (Prince 2005, p.15) was advised to use the high value assets to offset News Corporations debt, eventually, the company was spared liquidation due to the financial approach. Nowadays Financial Manager Versus Traditional Accounting Manager And The Challenges Accompanied With This Role There is a growing realization that a Financial Manager is no longer called on only to process accounting transactions and issue financial statements when these tasks require detailed technical knowledge but no considerable management or analysis skill. Instead, the modern finance manager or controller must exhibit additional mastery of a multitude of management skills, so that the accounts department runs in an efficient and effective manner, offers a detailed analysis of financial statement results, recommends improvements, and monitors the activities of other departments and perhaps even manages the computer systems in a smaller organization. They should no longer focus on the paper driven reports, so modern finance managers need to radically change the finance report styles and to be efficiently generated by the computerized systems. Financial managers need to cope with the competitive advantage, add values to the corporation, and advance into the use of electronic spreadsheets for financial analysis, target costing, disaster recovery planning, fraud prevention plan, inventory valuation, activity-based costing and budgeting, outsourcing information systems security and software package integration. Nowadays finance managers should utilize the analyzed information to strategize plans to maximize profits and act as business advisors to top management. Global Expansion And International Financial Management Globalization is a trend where business enterprise can search for lower production and labor costs complemented with high quality merchandise and production efficiency, companies may have a need to broaden the markets, seek for raw materials and new technology. Kim Kim (2006, p.4) defined globalization means integrating the world marketplace and creating a â€Å"borderless world† for goods and services. In the era of heightened global competition, international finance managers have to be a strategic partner by starting off to consider the external environment in terms of economic situation, the current and future stage of the business cycle, entrance of the new competitors, political

Robert Frosts Design Essay -- Poetry Poem Essays Poet

Robert Frost's Design Robert Frost's "Design" is a meditation on human attempts to see order in the universe--and human failures at perceiving the order that is actually present in nature. The speaker of the poem perceives what he takes to be a significant coincidence, then speculates on what the coincidence might mean, or whether it means anything at all. However, he fails to see that there is a very good reason for the coincidence he spots, and the "design" of nature that it implies is quite different from anything he suggests. Design by Robert Frost I found a dimpled spider, fat and white, On a white heal-all, holding up a moth Like a white piece of rigid satin cloth-- Assorted characters of death and blight Mixed ready to begin the morning right, Like the ingredients of a witches' broth-- A snow-drop spider, a flower like a froth, And dead wings carried like a paper kite. What had that flower to do with being white, The wayside blue and innocent heal-all? What brought the kindred spider to that height, Then steered the white moth thither in the night? What but design of darkness to appall?-- If design govern in a thing so small. The starting point for the speaker's thinking is what he perceives to be a coincidence: a white spider sits on a white flower holding up a white moth. The coincidence is even more striking because heal-alls are usually blue. In Western culture, the color white usually symbolizes goodness, purity, and innocence. The language of the poem suggests these connotative links: the spider is "dimpled" as well as "fat and white," like a newborn baby. The moth's wings are like a "white piece of rigid satin cloth," like a bridal dress (or perhaps the lining of a c... ...er would be attracted to a white flower because it would offer some concealment from prey. There is indeed a "design" at work, but it is not a "design of darkness"; it is simply the order of nature. The existence of such a design leaves open the question of whether God exists.An atheist would take the explanation above as evidence that there are rational explanations for natural processes, and that there is no need to invoke the concept of God to explain how the universe works. In other writings, Frost does appear to profess belief in God (albeit belief of a complex kind). The focus of "Design," then, is not ultimately the existence or absence of God, but rather the tendency of humans to engage in what John Ruskin called the "pathetic fallacy"--the act of reading oneself into nature. The first act of responsible belief, Frost implies, is seeing nature as it is.